The American academic, Harry Braverman, suggests that “The separation of hand and brain is the most decisive step in the division of labour taken by the capitalist mode of production.” in his book, Labor and Monopoly Capital, the Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century, (1974) Braverman’s principal conclusion was that the increasing fragmentation and specialisation of jobs had reduced the level of skill required for most jobs and that this process of de-skilling was integral to a deliberate management policy of increasing control over the labour process. Knowledge was concentrated in the minds (or hands) of management and thus profits could more easily be maximised.
M.J. Piore and Charles F. Sabel (1984) argued that: Capitalism underwent a process of restructuring and became in a number of ways less rigid and more flexible. In other side, consumers require more special goods which are not produced by mass production. As time want by, another socialist Enzo Mingione (1996) argues that there has been a shift from Fordism to Post-Fordism.
美国学者哈里·布雷弗曼认为，“手和脑的分离是在劳动分工的资本主义生产方式的最决定性的一步。”在他的书中，劳动和垄断资本的降解中的工作二十世纪，（1974）布雷弗曼的主要结论是，的增加碎片和专业化的就业机会已经减少技能所需的大部分的工作水平和，这个过程中去，斯基林是一个故意的管理政策，增加控制超过劳动过程中的组成部分。集中在知识的头脑（或手部）的管理，从而可以更容易地最大化利润。
MJ皮奥里和查尔斯·F·萨贝尔（1984）认为：资本主义进行了重组过程中，并成为一些刚性不足及有更灵活的方式。在其他方面，消费者需要更特殊的商品，没有产生大规模生产。随着时间的需要，另一个社会主义：恩佐Mingione（1996）认为，已经发生了变化，从福特主义到后福特主义。
